1.What is Delta E?

Delta E is a calculation method used to measure the difference between the displayed color and the input color. A lower Delta E value indicates higher accuracy, while a higher Delta E value indicates a significant mismatch.

It is a standard metric established by the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE).

The letter "E" in Delta E stands for "Empfindung", which means "sensation" in German. Delta is a Greek term that represents the incremental change of a variable. Overall, the term Delta E refers to the difference in sensation.

Delta E has a measurement range of 0 to 100, where 0 means minimal color difference and 100 means complete color distortion. The standard range of perceptual differentiation is as follows:

≤ 1.0: Imperceptible to the human eye

1–2: Perceptible upon close observation

2–10: Obvious at a glance

11–49: Color similarity exceeds contrast

100: Completely opposite colors

2. What Do Lab* Color Values Represent?

Colors measured in the CIE Lab color space are defined by three coordinates – L*, a*, and b* – with each coordinate corresponding to the following attributes:

L* – Lightness

a* – Degree of redness or greenness

b* – Degree of yellowness or blueness

Thus, Delta E (total color difference) is calculated based on delta L*, delta a*, and delta b* color values. All these values together provide a complete numerical description of a color within a rectangular coordinate system. Their specific meanings are as follows:

delta L*: Lightness difference between the sample and the standard color

delta a*: Redness or greenness difference between the sample and the standard color

delta b*: Yellowness or blueness difference between the sample and the standard color

3. How to Calculate Delta E?

In the context described in Section 2 above, the higher the value, the greater the difference in that specific dimension. Since Delta E is derived from three core components, its calculation is easier than you might think.

You simply need to calculate the square of the difference between the corresponding L*, a* and b* values, sum these squared differences together, and finally take the square root of this total sum.

This formula clearly quantifies the difference between two colors.

Then how can we determine whether the data measured by the instrument deviates from the target color in terms of lightness or darkness, redness or yellowness?

For a more intuitive understanding, you can refer to the diagram below.

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The tensile testing machine is designed for footwear, rubber, plastic, leather, metal, nylon thread, fabric, paper, aviation, packaging, construction, petrochemical and other tensile, compression, bending, shear, adhesive strength, peeling, tearing and other tests and design, electricians, vehicles and other materials.

According to the structure can be divided into single-column and double-column type, both in the design, performance and application scenarios there are obvious differences.

Differences in structural design

1. Single-column tensile testing machine: a single column (or frame) is used as the main support, the loading system and transducer are usually integrated above the column, and the specimen is mounted between the upper and lower fixtures, with a compact overall structure and small footprint.

Similar to the ‘T’ type or ‘L’ type, the upper part of the loading device, the lower part of the base (fixed lower fixture).

2. Double-column Tensile Testing Machine: Supported by two parallel columns (or frames), the loading system is located at the top, the testing space is formed between the two columns, and the lower fixture is fixed on the base, with a symmetrical and stable structure.

Similar to the ‘door’ type (door structure), two columns perpendicular to the base, the test space is located in the middle, the overall volume is larger.

Load capacity and applicable materials

1.Single-column type: the maximum test force is usually ≤10kN (a few can reach 20kN), suitable for small load test (such as film, fibre, rubber, plastic and other flexible materials), or small parts (such as springs, electronic components) of the tensile and compression test.

2.Double-column type: the maximum test force can cover 10kN-500kN (or even higher), can withstand large loads (such as steel, concrete, automotive parts, etc.), suitable for high-strength materials mechanical properties testing, such as tensile strength, yield strength.

Application: Widely used in aerospace, machinery manufacturing, construction building materials and other industries for quality testing.

Operation and Expandability

Single-column type: small size, light weight, easy to move, suitable for laboratory desktop use; but with limited functional expandability (e.g., difficult to install complex accessories, such as high-temperature furnace, environmental chamber, etc.).

Double-column type: usually equipped with a larger working surface and expansion interface, can be added with an extensometer, high/low temperature environmental devices, dynamic loading system, etc., to support multi-functional testing (such as fatigue test, creep test, etc.).

Summary

The core difference between single-column and double-column tensile testers lies in the load capacity, precision and structural design, the former is suitable for small load and low precision scenarios, while the latter is suitable for large load, high precision and complex testing needs. The selection should be based on the material characteristics, testing standards, budget and functional requirements of a comprehensive judgement to ensure that the equipment performance and application scenarios match.

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From rough handling during e-commerce parcel sorting to multi-layer stacking in warehouses, packaging boxes constantly endure external forces. As the core equipment for quantifying packaging protection capabilities, box compression testers help measure the pressure a box can withstand before collapse, ensuring product safety during transportation and storage.

1. What is a Box Compression Tester?

A box compression tester (also known as a carton compression tester) is a specialized device that uses standardized loading methods to evaluate the crush strength, stacking endurance, and deformation characteristics of packaging containers (such as corrugated boxes, honeycomb panels, etc.). It applies controlled force to a box until it deforms or collapses, clearly indicating its load-bearing capacity. It precisely measures three core metrics: maximum crush strength (the highest load before box failure), stacking strength (long-term deformation resistance under constant load), and deformation rate (shape change under specific pressure), providing quantifiable data for packaging quality.

2. Why is a Box Compression Tester Needed?

The packaging industry is rapidly evolving. Online shopping, global trade, and sustainability demands are driving companies to create stronger, lighter, and more eco-friendly boxes. But how do you know if your packaging is up to the task? This is where the box compression tester becomes a game-changer:

Protect Products: Boxes are stacked in warehouses, loaded onto trucks, and jostled during transit. Weak boxes may collapse, damaging contents inside. Testing ensures your packaging withstands pressure.

Save money: Damaged products mean refunds, replacements, and lost trust. By identifying weaknesses early, you avoid these headaches and cut costs.

Meet standards: Many industries have strict packaging strength regulations. Box crush testers help prove your boxes meet these requirements, avoiding legal or compliance issues.

Enhance Reputation: Customers expect their orders to arrive intact. Sturdy packaging builds trust and fosters repeat business.

Sustainability: Eco-friendly packaging is a major trend. Lighter materials reduce waste, yet must remain robust. Testing helps strike the perfect balance.

As supply chains grow increasingly complex and customer expectations rise, investing in this tool is a wise move for any business serious about packaging.

3. Working Principle of the Box Compression Tester

The device operates based on mechanical loading and sensor detection principles. Its core structure comprises a fixed lower platen, a movable upper platen, a force sensor, and a control system. Testing follows a three-step core logic:

Load Simulation: Position the sample centrally on the plates. Apply an initial load to ensure tight contact. Subsequently, drive the upper plate via motor-operated screw (or hydraulic transmission) to apply uniform pressure at a standardized rate, precisely replicating warehouse stacking and transportation compression scenarios.

Data Acquisition: The LOAD CELL force sensor captures pressure changes in real time, simultaneously recording the pressure-deformation curve.

Result Output: Automatic shutdown occurs upon reaching preset load or container failure. The system generates data including peak force and deformation rate. Some intelligent devices can directly print test reports in both Chinese and English.

4. Core Applications of the Container Compression Tester

Though termed a carton compression tester, this tool extends beyond corrugated boxes. Its applications span diverse industries and materials.

Corrugated Boxes: Most commonly used to test how much weight shipping boxes can withstand before collapsing.

Cartons and Drums: From small single boxes to large drums, the tester checks their stacking strength.

E-commerce Packaging: Online retailers use it to ensure their boxes survive long-distance shipping.

Food Industry: Think of crates for fruit or beverage cartons—testing ensures perishable goods arrive safely.

Warehousing: It helps determine how high boxes can be stacked without collapsing, maximizing storage space.

5. Box Crush Tester FAQ

1. What is a box crush tester used for?

The Box Crush Tester (BCT) measures the crush strength of corrugated boxes, cartons, and packaging materials. It helps manufacturers ensure their packaging can withstand stacking and transport pressures, preventing product damage during shipping and storage.

2. What is the formula for box compression testing?

Box Crush Test (BCT) is calculated using the following formula:

BCT = Load (F) × Area (A) × BCT

Where:

BCT = Box Crush Test (in kN or N)

F = Applied Load (in Newtons)

A = Box Surface Area (in square meters)

3. What are the units for BCT?

Box Compression Test (BCT) is typically measured in Newtons (N), kilonewtons (kN), or kilogram-force (kgf), depending on the standard and region.

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Footwear is an indispensable part of our daily lives, especially athletic shoes, which provide comfort and protection during daily activities. In shoe production, one of the key factors determining product quality is the shoe's ability to withstand continuous use and flexing. This is where flexural resistance testing instruments come into play. Below, we introduce the flexural resistance testing instruments used for athletic shoes.

1. Shoe Flexing Tester

The shoe flexing tester is primarily used to test the flexing performance of finished shoes such as athletic shoes, casual shoes, and work shoes. By simulating the flexing movements of shoes during wear, it evaluates the shoe's flexing performance or assesses the extent of cracking. This equipment is widely used in shoe manufacturing companies, quality inspection institutions, and research organizations, playing a significant role in enhancing product quality and meeting market demands.

2. Working Principle

The working principle of the shoe bending tester is based on material mechanics and fatigue testing theory. A motor drives a mechanical arm or crank-connecting rod mechanism to cause the shoe sample installed on the test bench to undergo periodic bending at a predetermined angle and frequency. During the test, the device records and analyzes data such as the bending force, deformation amount, and failure mode of the shoe, providing a scientific basis for evaluating shoe performance.

3. Key Features

(1) Body surface treatment: Utilizes DuPont powder from the United States, electrostatic spraying process, and high-temperature curing at 200°C to ensure long-term color retention.

(2) Mechanical components made of corrosion-resistant aluminum alloy and stainless steel materials;

(3) LED-SLD806 integrated display control box with menu-based operation mode;

(4) Precision variable-frequency drive motor for smooth operation and low noise;

(5) One-button fully automatic testing for easy operation;

(6) High-precision bearing selection for stable rotation and extended service life;

(7) Dual-station vertical structure design for stable bending and high efficiency;

(8) Adjustable front and rear clamping fixtures secured with threaded bolts for secure fixation;

(9) Adjustable speed and angle, movable rear clamping fixture, and adjustable dimensions;

(10) High-power industrial fan with strong suction force, and adjustable fixed-angle air nozzle direction.

4. The Importance of Whole Shoe Flexing Testers

(1) Ensuring Durability and Comfort

Poorly designed shoes can cause significant discomfort, leading to serious health issues. One of the most significant benefits of whole shoe flexing testers is that they help ensure the durability and comfort of shoes. By subjecting shoes to repeated flexing, testers can determine whether they can withstand normal wear and tear. This ensures that customers receive durable and comfortable shoes, providing long-term satisfaction.

(2) Consistency in Quality

The whole shoe bending tester also helps ensure consistency in quality. By assessing its bending performance or examining its cracking extent, manufacturers can identify weaknesses in the design and make necessary adjustments to improve the quality of future products.

(3) Compliance with industry standards

The whole shoe bending tester is an important tool for ensuring compliance with industry standards. Most shoe manufacturers must adhere to industry standards, which specify the minimum durability and quality requirements for shoes. By using a whole shoe bending tester, manufacturers can ensure that their products meet these standards, thereby reducing the risk of product recalls, lawsuits, and negative publicity.

(4) Competitive advantage

A whole shoe bending tester can also provide manufacturers with a competitive advantage. Through quality testing, manufacturers can differentiate their products from competitors and establish a reputation for producing high-quality, durable shoes.

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When performing a tensile test on a material, the most critical step is measuring the material's elongation. Relying solely on the crosshead displacement data of the testing machine faces a fundamental limitation: crosshead movement includes machine backlash, slippage of the specimen's gripping end, and even localized plastic deformation of the specimen in the fixture. These errors significantly interfere with the accurate measurement of the true deformation within the specimen's gauge length. Therefore, an extensometer acts as the "eagle eye" of material tensile testing, precisely focusing on the specimen's gauge length and directly measuring the true deformation within the material's gauge length.

An extensometer is essentially a high-precision strain measurement instrument. It can be either contact-type (such as a knife-edge extensometer, which uses a knife-edge to directly contact the specimen) or non-contact (such as a video extensometer or laser extensometer, which uses optical tracking to track marked points on the specimen surface). Its purpose is to eliminate all interference and capture the material's true strain response within the gauge length. It can accurately measure key mechanical properties of a material, including elastic modulus (initial slope of the stress-strain curve), specified non-proportional extension strength (such as Rp0.2), yield strength, and uniform elongation. These critical parameters are highly dependent on the specimen's minute elongation during the elastic and small plastic deformation stages.

The use of an extensometer is a crucial step in testing:

1.For contacting extensometers, align the blade and gently press it against a marking point on the specimen's gauge section or a dedicated boss, ensuring perpendicular contact between the blade and the specimen. A slight preload should be applied to the blade to eliminate gaps, but not excessive enough to cause localized indentations or interfere with the specimen's free deformation. For non-contacting extensometers, a clear, high-contrast speckle pattern or marking point should be created on the specimen's gauge section. The lens focus, angle, and lighting should be precisely adjusted to ensure stable tracking of the marking point throughout the test.

2.Before formal testing, the extensometer must be calibrated using a standard gauge block to establish an accurate conversion relationship between its output signal and actual deformation. After installing the extensometer and before applying any load, perform a "zero reset" operation in the software to eliminate installation prestrain and system zero drift. Some systems also require a "gauge length setting" procedure to enter the actual gauge length of the extensometer.

3.Start the tensile test. The extensometer transmits the deformation signal to the controller or data acquisition system in real time. The extensometer status must be closely monitored to prevent accidental contact or slippage. It is particularly important to promptly and carefully remove some contacting extensometers just before the material enters or reaches the yield stage (for example, before significant necking occurs) to prevent the violent rebound upon specimen fracture, which could damage the expensive sensor. Non-contact extensometers, on the other hand, typically monitor the entire process until specimen fracture, fully capturing the necking and fracture process.

The mechanical properties of materials (especially elastic modulus, yield strain, and elongation) require extremely high deformation measurement accuracy. Extensometers accurately, in real time, and continuously capture minute deformations within the gauge length, eliminating equipment errors, human errors, and missed stage deformations, providing a key guarantee for the reliability of test results. From towering bridge steel to sophisticated microelectronic components, the precise strain data provided by extensometers has always been an indispensable cornerstone of modern materials science research and engineering safety design. They allow us to clearly understand the true response of materials under the action of force, providing a solid foundation for building a reliable world.

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After buying in a set of desired forged wheels, how can we keep them as shiny as new for a long time and ensure that their performance is not affected? Proper cleaning and maintenance are crucial. Incorrect care methods may damage expensive wheel surface coatings and even affect their balance. 

1.The correct steps for daily cleaning 

--Cleaning after cooling: It is necessary to do it after the wheel hub and brake system have completely cooled down. Splashing cold water on high-temperature metal may cause deformation or cracking. 

--Pre rinsing: First, rinse off the sediment and dust attached to the surface with low-pressure water to prevent particles from scratching the paint surface during wiping.

--Use specialized cleaning agents: Choose neutral aluminum alloy wheel hub specialized cleaning agents. Avoid using strong acids, or common household cleaning agents, as they will corrode the varnish layer or brushed surface of the wheel hub. After spraying the cleaning agent, let it stand for a moment to decompose brake dust and oil stains. 

--Gently scrub: Use a soft brush (such as a detail brush, wool wheel hub brush) to gently scrub the gaps between the spokes and the back. For the surface, wipe it with a sponge or microfiber cloth. Avoid using sharp objects such as steel wire balls and hard brushes. 

-- Thorough washing and drying: rinse all foam with clean water, and then wipe it thoroughly with clean chamois or microfiber towel to prevent water stains from forming.

2.Maintenance for different surfaces wheels

--Bright/Chromed wheels: Wheel wax or coating agents can be used regularly for protection, which can effectively resist brake dust adhesion and make cleaning easier. 

--Brushed surface wheel hub: High surface hardness but afraid of scratches. When cleaning, it is necessary to be extra gentle and can be regularly repaired and protected with varnish by a professional shop. 

--Matte/Spray finish: Follow the general cleaning steps and avoid using maintenance products with gloss function.

3.Long term storage and damage handling

If the vehicle is parked for a long time, it is recommended to remove the 18 inch 5-hole forged wheel hub, clean and wax it, and store it in a special wheel hub bag in a cool and dry place. If minor scratches occur, the damaged paint surface should be promptly repaired to prevent oxidation of the aluminum alloy. For severe collision and deformation, do not continue to use it and immediately submit it to a professional organization for testing and repair. Regularly check the tightening torque of the wheel hub bolts to ensure safety. 

Following the above maintenance tips, your T6061-T6 forged wheels will not only always shine brightly, but also have the maximum guarantee of service life and safety.

In the automotive after market, the demand for forged wheels among household car owners is increasing, but how to choose the appropriate style has become a challenge. Which material of forged wheels is more suitable for daily commuting? How should the size and hole spacing be matched? 

Today, let's focus on the household car scene and analyze the selection logic of forged wheels. 

The reason why 6061-T6 aluminum alloy forged wheels have become the preferred choice for household cars is its lightweight and stability. 

Compared with regular casting steel, 6061-T6 aluminum alloy has a lower density, reduces weight by 25% for the same size, and can lower vehicle fuel consumption; At the same time, after T6 heat treatment, the deformation resistance is increased by 30%, making it easy to cope with urban congestion and high-speed driving.

For distributors who purchase in bulk, factory supplied aluminum forged wheels for household use are more cost-effective. The direct supply mode eliminates intermediate links, reduces procurement costs by 15% -20%, and manufacturers can adjust parameters such as hole spacing and offset according to vehicle needs, such as adapting to the 17 inch specifications of mainstream household cars such as Volkswagen and Toyota, which can cover more customer needs.

In daily use, 17/18 inch 4-hole and 5-hole comfortable forged wheels are the popular choice for household cars. 17/18 inch size paired with 55-60 flat ratio tires can balance comfort and handling, filtering out road bumps; The 4-hole and 5-hole design evenly disperses pressure and is suitable for the wheel hub installation position of most compact and medium-sized household cars. It is easy to install and has strong stability.

The core of choosing forged wheels for household cars is "adaptability+practicality". 6061-T6 aluminum alloy material ensures performance, factory direct supply mode controls costs, and the 17 inch /18 inch 4-hole and 5-hole specification is compatible with most car models. The combination of the three can meet all daily commuting needs. In the future, with the trend of electrification of household cars, the demand for lightweight forged wheels will continue to grow. Choosing products that are suitable for one's own vehicle model can truly enhance the travel experience.

A Complete Guide to Different Paintbrush Filament Types: From Natural Bristles to High-Tech Synthetics

Choosing the right brush filament is crucial for a perfect paint job. This guide breaks down the features of the four main types to help you pick the best one for your project.

Natural Choice: Bristle Brush Filaments

Material Source: Mainly from hog bristles. Natural and eco-friendly.

Spring & Stiffness: Good springback and medium stiffness. Provides excellent control during application, helping paint go on smoothly without drips or build-up.

Paint Pickup & Release: Holds a decent amount of paint and releases it steadily. Means you don't have to keep dipping into the can, which speeds up your work.

Durability: Holds up well to repeated use and cleaning. However, it has weaker resistance to strong acids or alkalis and can be damaged in harsh chemical environments.

Best For: Oil-based paints. Ideal for furniture finishing, marine paints, and other jobs where a smooth, fine finish is key.

Precision Choice: Tapered (Microfiber) Filaments

Shape: Fibers are precision-tapered to a fine point. This lets the brush get into tiny cracks and detailed textures.

Finish: Creates an exceptionally smooth, even coat with a high-quality level surface. Perfect for demanding jobs like automotive touch-ups or painting electronics.

Wear Resistance: Highly wear-resistant. Holds its shape and performance over time, giving the brush a long lifespan.

Efficient Choice: Hollow (Hollow Core) Filaments

Structure: Hollow core construction makes the filaments very light. This makes the brush easy to handle and reduces arm fatigue.

Paint Pickup & Release: Superb paint capacity. Soaks up paint quickly and releases it evenly, minimizing waste. The hollow core helps paint flow smoothly for faster coverage.

Spring & Softness: Excellent springback and a soft feel. Conforms well to curved or irregular surfaces for a uniform coat.

All-Rounder Choice: Blend Filaments

Performance: Combines the best of both worlds – the spring and stiffness of natural bristle with the durability and paint capacity of synthetics. For example, mixing bristle with tapered synthetics gives a great finish and long brush life.

Versatility: By adjusting the blend ratio, these brushes can be tailored for a wide range of paints (water-based and oil-based) and various projects. A highly versatile, go-anywhere type of filament.

Brush Filament Comparison Chart

Quick Selection Guide:

· For a natural product: Choose Bristle.

· For detailed, precision work: Choose Tapered Synthetic.

· For speed and covering large areas: Choose Hollow Synthetic.

· For one-brush-fits-most versatility: Choose a Blend.

Regardless of which you choose, proper cleaning and care will extend the life of your brush and ensure great results every time. Hope this guide helps you choose the right tool for the job!

This article is for reference only. Specific choices should be based on actual project needs and conditions. 

We’re excited to share that from December 9–11, 2025, we attended the 4th International Brush Manufacturing Industry Exhibition. This year marks a special milestone — our 10th anniversary since 2016! We were honored to receive the “10th Anniversary Commemorative Award” from the organizing committee.

As Zhangzhou Hengyu Automation Technology Co., Ltd., we are dedicated to the R&D and production of paintbrush manufacturing equipment and have grown into a leading brush machinery manufacturer in China. Over the years, we’ve built strong partnerships with clients across the globe, including Russia, Turkey, Brazil, India, and beyond.

We pride ourselves on delivering advanced technology and thoughtful after-sales support to ensure every customer’s satisfaction and trust.

Thank you to all our partners and friends in the industry! Let’s keep brushing the future together. 🎨