Low temperature resistant motor: Low-temperature environments (typically referring to -40°C or even below -60°C) pose severe challenges to motor operation, whether for electric vehicles, aerospace, polar research, or special industrial applications. The core challenges and key technical bottlenecks for motor operation under low-temperature environments are detailed below.

I. Core Challenges

The challenges posed by low temperatures are systemic, affecting the motor itself, materials, lubrication, control systems, and even the entire drive system.

Deterioration of Material Properties

Permanent Magnet Demagnetization Risk: This is the most critical challenge for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs). The coercivity (resistance to demagnetization) of permanent magnets like NdFeB first increases and then decreases as temperature drops. Below a certain critical low-temperature point (e.g., below -50°C), coercivity decreases sharply. The motor becomes highly susceptible to irreversible demagnetization under high current or overload conditions, leading to permanent performance degradation or even failure.

Embrittlement of Structural Materials: The toughness of metal materials (e.g., housing, shaft) decreases while brittleness increases, making them prone to fracture under vibration or impact loads.

Aging of Insulation Materials: Conventional insulating varnishes, papers, and magnet wire enamels become hard and brittle at low temperatures. Their coefficient of thermal contraction may differ from metals, leading to cracking or peeling of the insulation layer under electromagnetic forces or vibration, causing turn-to-turn shorts or ground faults.

Lubrication System Failure

Lubricating Oil/Grease Solidification: Lubricating greases that flow well at room temperature can become viscous like asphalt or even solidify at low temperatures. This leads to:

High Starting Torque: The motor requires enormous torque to overcome bearing friction during startup, potentially causing startup failure or drive burnout.

Bearing Dry Running: Even after starting, solidified grease cannot form an effective lubricating film, leading to dry friction in bearings, rapid temperature rise, accelerated wear, and significantly reduced lifespan.

Condensation and Icing Issues

Internal Condensation/Icing: When a motor moves from a cold to a relatively warm environment (or vice versa), or when internal heating during operation creates a temperature differential with the cold exterior, moisture in the air can condense inside the motor. Subsequent icing can:

Lock the Rotor: Ice buildup can prevent the rotor from turning.

Damage Insulation: Melted ice can conduct electricity, causing short circuits.

Accelerate Corrosion: Long-term moisture accumulation leads to corrosion of metal components.

Sharp Decline in Battery Performance

For independent power systems like those in electric vehicles, low temperatures are detrimental to batteries. Lithium-ion batteries experience increased internal resistance and reduced activity, leading to:

Drastic Reduction in Usable Capacity: Significantly shortened driving range.

Limited Output Power: Inability to provide sufficient startup and peak power for the motor, resulting in weak performance.

Difficult and Dangerous Charging: Charging at low temperatures easily causes lithium plating, damaging the battery.

Performance Deviation of Control System Electronic Components

The parameters of semiconductor devices (e.g., MCUs, driver chips, sensors) change with temperature. Low temperatures can cause:

Clock crystal oscillator frequency drift.

Reference voltage accuracy degradation.

Sensor (e.g., resolver, encoder) signal distortion.

These issues lead to reduced motor control precision or even loss of control.

II. Key Technical Bottlenecks

Addressing the above challenges, current research and application focus on breaking through the following bottlenecks.

Development and Application of Low-Temperature Resistant Materials

Permanent Magnet Technology: Developing permanent magnets with high corrosion resistance and high/low-temperature stability (e.g., by using heavy rare-earth grain boundary diffusion to increase coercivity) and accurately evaluating their demagnetization curves across the entire temperature range.

Insulation System: Using cold-impact resistant insulating materials, such as polyimide film (Kapton), PTFE, etc., which have very low glass transition temperatures and maintain flexibility at low temperatures.

Structural Materials: Selecting alloys with good low-temperature toughness, special aluminum alloys, or composite materials for housings and shafts.

Low-Temperature Lubrication Technology

Specialized Lubricating Greases: Using low-temperature greases based on synthetic oils with special thickeners, having pour points (solidification points) as low as -60°C or below, ensuring low-temperature fluidity.

Self-Lubricating Materials: Using self-lubricating materials like PTFE or polyimide in bearings or sliding parts to reduce dependence on lubricating grease.

Active Heating and Temperature Control: Integrating miniature heaters (e.g., PTC) to preheat the bearing housing, ensuring the grease is in a workable state before startup.

Thermal Management Technology

Motor Preheating System: Before startup, preheating the motor windings, bearings, and housing uniformly by passing a small reverse current (I²R heating) through the controller or using external heaters. This is key to solving cold start problems.

Sealing and Breathing Systems: Using high-performance seals and designing "breathers" to balance internal and external pressure while preventing moisture ingress. Filling with dry nitrogen or other inert gases is also an effective method.

Integrated Thermal Management: Coupling the motor's thermal management with that of the battery and electronic controller. For example, utilizing waste heat from the battery or controller to keep the motor warm, or designing shared cooling/heating circuits to improve system energy efficiency.

Control Strategies Adapted for Low Temperatures

Online Parameter Identification and Compensation: The controller must be able to identify online changes in motor parameters (e.g., resistance, inductance, flux linkage) due to temperature variations and dynamically adjust control algorithms (e.g., current loop parameters in field-oriented control) to ensure control stability and accuracy.

Derated Operation Strategies: At extremely low temperatures, proactively limit the motor's maximum output torque and power to protect the permanent magnets from demagnetization and prevent battery over-discharge.

Sensorless Startup Technology: Position sensors themselves may fail at very low temperatures. Researching reliable low-speed and zero-speed sensorless control algorithms is crucial as a backup solution in case of sensor failure.

Summary

The core challenges of motor operation in low-temperature environments stem from fundamental changes in the physical properties of materials and the synergistic failure of subsystems (lubrication, power supply). Therefore, the key technical bottlenecks are not singular technologies but rather a systems engineering problem. It requires collaborative design and innovation from multiple dimensions: materials science (low-temperature resistance), mechanical design (sealing and lubrication), thermal management (preheating and insulation), and advanced control (adaptation and fault tolerance). The future trend is toward developing highly integrated, intelligent all-climate electric drive systems. These systems would be capable of self-sensing the environmental temperature and proactively adjusting their operational state to achieve reliable and efficient operation across a wide temperature range, from -60°C to high-temperature environments. Zhongguweike (Shenzhen) Power Technology Co., Ltd. is a National Specialized, Refined, Distinctive, and New  enterprise specializing in the R&D, manufacturing, and application of special motors for harsh environments including vacuum, high temperature, deep low temperature, and radiation. The company's main products include vacuum, high-temperature, low-temperature, and deep low-temperature series of stepper motors, servo motors, radiation-resistant motors, vacuum modules, vacuum gearboxes, and multiple series of standard products. If your motor has specific environmental requirements, please feel free to contact us.

The term "vacuum motor" does not refer to a motor based on a specific working principle, but rather to an electric motor capable of operating long-term, stably, and reliably in a vacuum environment. They are the core power components of vacuum equipment (such as semiconductor manufacturing, space simulation, particle accelerators, vacuum coating, etc.).

I. Special Challenges of the Vacuum Environment for Motors

In a vacuum, motors face harsh conditions completely different from those at atmospheric pressure, which directly dictates their special design:

Heat Dissipation Problem (Core Challenge):

There is no air in a vacuum, eliminating heat dissipation through convection; reliance is solely on thermal radiation and heat conduction through the motor's mounting base.

Heat generated during operation (copper losses, iron losses) easily accumulates, causing excessive temperature rise which can damage winding insulation, demagnetize permanent magnets, or cause lubricant failure.

Outgassing Problem:

Materials used at atmospheric pressure (e.g., plastics, paints, adhesives, standard lubricants) adsorb or contain gas molecules. In a vacuum, these gases are slowly released, a process called "outgassing."

Outgassing contaminates the vacuum chamber, making it difficult to maintain vacuum levels, especially in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) applications, where it can severely impact process quality (e.g., semiconductor thin film deposition).

Lubrication Problem:

Conventional grease lubricants will rapidly volatilize and decompose in a vacuum, losing their lubricating properties and becoming a significant source of contamination.

Bearings require special vacuum lubrication solutions.

Material Selection:

All materials must have low vapor pressure and low outgassing rates to ensure their own stability and avoid contaminating the vacuum environment.

Insulation and Voltage Resistance:

While vacuum is an excellent insulator, its breakdown voltage is closely related to electrode material and surface condition. At high voltages, field emission between electrodes is more likely, leading to electrical breakdown (vacuum arc). Therefore, insulation design and manufacturing processes for high-voltage motors are extremely demanding.

Cold Welding Effect:

In ultra-high vacuum, metal surfaces are clean and devoid of oxide films. When similar metals contact, cold welding (cold adhesion) can occur, causing moving parts to seize.

II. Special Design Features of Vacuum Motors

To address the challenges above, vacuum motors are comprehensively optimized in design and material selection.

Thermal Management Design

Low-Loss Design: Uses high-quality low-loss silicon steel sheets and optimized electromagnetic design to reduce heat generation at the source.

Enhanced Heat Conduction Paths:

Uses metal housings (typically aluminum alloy or stainless steel) often with cooling fins to increase radiation surface area.

Ensures tight contact between the motor and the mounting flange, potentially using thermal grease to optimize heat conduction.

Sometimes a water-cooling jacket is designed for the motor to forcibly remove heat via circulating coolant.

Low-Outgassing Material Selection

Structural Materials: Housings, end caps, etc., primarily use stainless steel (e.g., 304, 316L) or aluminum alloys, which have very low outgassing rates and are easy to process.

Winding Insulation: Uses vacuum-compatible materials like polyimide (Kapton), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), oxygen-free copper wire, ceramic insulation. Standard enameled wire and epoxy potting are prohibited.

Lead Wires: Use dedicated vacuum feedthrough interfaces and cables, whose insulation is typically PTFE or ceramic-metal sealed.

Vacuum Lubrication Technology

Solid Lubrication: The most reliable solution. Uses soft metal coatings like molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) or tungsten disulfide (WS₂) on bearing races and balls, applied via sputtering or ion implantation.

Full Ceramic Bearings: Combinations of ceramic balls (e.g., Si₃N₄) with stainless steel races, offering advantages like high temperature resistance, non-magnetic properties, and low outgassing.

Special Vacuum Greases: Used only in less demanding high vacuum (HV) environments, e.g., perfluoropolyether (PFPE) oils, though their outgassing rate is still higher than solid lubrication.

Application of Special Motor Types

Brushless DC Motors (BLDC): The current mainstream choice for vacuum applications. Reasons:

No brushes, eliminating a major source of wear and particles.

High efficiency, low heat generation, long lifespan, excellent control performance.

Stepper Motors: Often used for precise positioning applications with light loads, such as moving sample stages within vacuum chambers.

Ultrasonic Motors: Utilize the inverse piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric ceramics for drive. Their unique principle offers huge advantages like no electromagnetic interference, compact structure, and the ability to operate directly in ultra-high vacuum (UHV), making them a cutting-edge choice for semiconductors and scientific instruments.

III. Vacuum Motor Selection Guide

Follow these steps to select the appropriate vacuum motor for your application:

Define the Vacuum Level:

Low Vacuum: Might allow use of slightly modified standard motors with special lubricants.

High Vacuum / Ultra-High Vacuum: Must choose professionally designed, fully vacuum-compatible motors employing solid lubrication, metal seals, and low-outgassing materials. This is the primary deciding factor.

Determine the Mounting Method:

In-Vacuum Motor: The entire motor is placed inside the vacuum. Must meet all low-outgassing and vacuum lubrication requirements.

Atmospheric Motor + Magnetic Fluid Seal / Dynamic Seal: The motor is on the atmospheric side, transmitting torque into the vacuum through a sealing device. The motor itself can be standard, but the seal has wear limits and speed restrictions. Suitable for high-power or intermittent operation scenarios.

Match Performance Parameters:

Torque and Speed: Ensure the motor meets the required torque-speed characteristics of the load.

Control Method: Is speed control or position control needed? Match the corresponding driver (BLDC driver, stepper driver, etc.).

Feedback Device: If high-precision control is required, the motor needs to integrate a vacuum-compatible encoder (typically optical and also made from vacuum-compatible materials).

Interfaces and Dimensions:

Electrical Interface: Confirm the type (CF, KF, ISO, etc.) and pin count of the vacuum feedthrough flange.

Mechanical Interface: Check if the motor's mounting holes, shaft diameter, and shaft extension match the equipment.

Brand and Supplier:

Choose reputable brands with deep experience in the vacuum field, capable of providing detailed product outgassing reports, material lists, and vacuum compatibility certifications. Zhonggu Weike, as an enterprise with 12 years of specialization in the R&D and manufacturing of special motors for harsh environments including vacuum, high temperature, deep cryogenic, and radiation, has products certified for reliability by SGS and Moore Laboratories. The company is now certified under both ISO9001:2015 and GJB9001C-2017 quality management systems. Its products are widely used in aerospace, satellite communications, space observation, biomedicine, genetic sample storage, and other fields.

In summary：selecting a vacuum motor is a systematic engineering task centered around solving the three major problems of heat dissipation, outgassing, and lubrication. Never use a standard motor directly in a vacuum environment. You should fully communicate with the supplier's technical personnel, providing detailed application scenarios to ensure the selected product is fully compatible with your project.

For over three decades, Xiamen Fengyu Autoparts Co., Ltd. has been a trusted partner in the global automotive aftermarket, specializing in high-performance steering and suspension components. Among our key offerings, center links (also referred to as drag links or cross rods) play an essential role in maintaining steering accuracy and vehicle stability. Designed to serve a wide range of American, Japanese, and European vehicle models, FENGYU’s center links are manufactured to restore—and often enhance—the original driving experience.

Superior Engineering for Enhanced Durability

At FENGYU, each center link is constructed to endure the demands of daily driving and extreme road conditions. We begin with high-grade steel alloys, carefully formed and heat-treated to achieve optimal tensile strength and fatigue resistance. Critical components such as the Nissan Cross Rod, Toyota Center Link, and Chevrolet Silverado Cross Rod are engineered to withstand high steering loads and repetitive stress, ensuring long-term alignment integrity.

To further extend service life, our center links feature advanced sealing systems. Precision-molded rubber boots, resistant to oil, heat, and abrasion, protect internal ball joints from contamination. This is especially important for models like the Toyota Camry Steering Center Link and Buick Excelle Steering Center Link, which require consistent performance across diverse climates and road surfaces.

Wide Vehicle Coverage and OEM-Equivalent Design

FENGYU’s product lineup includes center links and drag links tailored for popular vehicle makes and models, such as:

Honda Drag Link and Nissan Cross Rod

Ford Cross Rod and Chevrolet Center Link

Audi Center Link Kit and Volkswagen Drag Link

Each component is developed using original equipment specifications, ensuring exact fitment and seamless integration with existing steering systems. Whether your customers drive compact sedans or heavy-duty trucks, our products deliver the precision and compatibility that installers and end-users expect.

Customization and Supply Flexibility

Understanding the varied needs of distributors and wholesalers, FENGYU supports OEM and ODM orders with a high degree of flexibility. From custom packaging and private labeling to tailored bolt and bushing specifications, we help you build a branded product line that stands out. With a low minimum order quantity and factory-direct pricing, we make it easy to stock high-quality steering components without overcommitting on inventory.

Quality Assured Through Rigorous Validation

Every center link undergoes a multi-stage inspection process, including dimensional checks, torque testing, salt spray corrosion resistance validation, and dynamic load analysis. As an IATF 16949 and ISO 9001 certified manufacturer, FENGYU adheres to internationally recognized quality standards. This ensures that components such as the Volkswagen Drag Link and Ford Cross Rod not only meet but frequently exceed industry expectations for safety and service life.

Global Support and Reliable Service

Backed by more than 30 years of manufacturing and export experience, FENGYU provides timely delivery and responsive customer support. We maintain ample stock of popular references, including Toyota Center Link and Chevrolet Center Link models, enabling swift order fulfillment. Our dedicated after-sales team is available to assist with technical queries, returns, or custom requests—ensuring a smooth and professional partnership.

Grow Your Steering Portfolio with FENGYU

From the Audi Center Link Kit to the Honda Drag Link, FENGYU offers a comprehensive selection of durable, precision-tested steering components suitable for the world’s most driven vehicles. We don’t just supply parts—we deliver reliability, value, and partnership.

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With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, big data, and high-performance computing, power consumption and heat dissipation challenges in data centers are becoming increasingly critical. Liquid-cooled servers, as a next-generation cooling solution, are emerging as a key direction for global computing infrastructure. In this process, crystal oscillators play a vital role by providing precise and stable timing performance.

Key roles of crystal oscillators in liquid-cooled servers include:

1. Accurate Clock Control: CPUs, GPUs, and high-speed interconnect chips in liquid-cooled servers rely on precise timing to ensure stable computation and data transmission.
2. High-Speed Communication Synchronization: Supporting protocols such as PCIe, Ethernet, and InfiniBand requires low-jitter, low-phase-noise clock sources to maintain smooth networking performance.
3. Wide Temperature Adaptability: Operating in extreme environments of liquid cooling, crystal oscillators must maintain stability across wide temperature ranges, ensuring reliability in low-temperature and high-humidity conditions.
4. Enhanced Efficiency and Reliability: A stable timing reference minimizes power losses caused by timing errors and helps extend the lifespan of server components.

Industry Significance

As global computing demand continues to grow, liquid-cooled servers are rapidly gaining traction. Leveraging over 20 years of expertise in frequency control components, JGHC Crystals has been delivering high-reliability oscillator solutions for data centers and server manufacturers, empowering customers to build more efficient and stable computing infrastructure.

The 30HP Ice Storage Chiller system (with a cooling capacity of approximately 88kW) has become a popular solution for energy-efficient cooling, particularly in regions with significant price differences between peak and off-peak electricity rates. However, the cooling coverage area is not fixed and varies depending on multiple factors. In this blog, we will discuss the system's estimated cooling capacity, ideal use cases, and strategies to enhance its cost-efficiency.

1. Estimating the Cooling Capacity of a 30HP Ice Storage Chiller System (Approx. 88kW)

2. Ideal Applications for Ice Storage Chiller Systems

Chiller

Conclusion

As energy usage and industrial demands rise, 120°C hot water units—key technological achievements—are playing an increasingly vital role. Their emergence marks a major leap in traditional hot water supply technology, with vast potential for future evolution.

The technological breakthroughs of 120°C hot water units span multiple areas:

• Enhanced heat exchange efficiency:

New high-performance materials and unique structural designs minimize heat loss during transfer, boosting energy conversion to thermal energy for hot water and significantly improving overall energy efficiency.

• Precision temperature control:

Advanced sensors paired with smart control systems monitor and adjust water temperature in real time, ensuring a stable 120°C output—critical for industrial processes and special applications with strict temperature requirements.

• Improved stability and reliability:

Optimized mechanical structures and durable components reduce failure rates, extend lifespan, and lower maintenance costs.

Looking ahead, 120°C hot water units have a clear evolution path. They’ll grow more energy-efficient and eco-friendly, integrating better with clean energy sources like solar and geothermal as renewables mature—cutting carbon emissions for sustainability. Smart capabilities will deepen too: via the internet and big data, units will enable remote monitoring, fault (early fault warnings), and automatic operation optimization, delivering more convenient, efficient user experiences. Additionally, miniaturization and modular design will let units adapt flexibly to diverse scales and site conditions.

With current technological breakthroughs, 120°C hot water units already excel in various fields. Following their future evolution path, they’ll play an even more critical role in driving efficient energy use and industrial upgrading—bringing positive impacts to societal development.

In today’s era of pursuing efficient and eco-friendly energy use, the choice of water source is crucial for scroll heat pump units, a key heating and cooling equipment. After comprehensive consideration and practical verification, groundwater is undoubtedly the most ideal water source for these units.

Groundwater boasts stable temperature characteristics. Unlike surface water, which is greatly affected by seasons and climate, groundwater maintains a relatively constant temperature year-round. This is vital for the stable operation of scroll heat pumps. In winter, when surface water temperatures drop sharply, groundwater remains at a suitable level, providing a sufficient and steady heat source for the pump to ensure heating efficiency. In summer, when surface water becomes too warm for cooling, the lower temperature of groundwater helps the unit cool efficiently, reducing energy consumption and boosting overall operational performance.

If you've ever wondered why 18 inch 5 holes forged wheels are so popular, the answer lies in their careful manufacturing process. 

These wheels— a common size for many passenger cars and SUV cars— go through a series of precise steps that guarantee quality, strength, and consistency, traits that make them stand out from mass-produced alternatives.

The process starts with picking the right materials. Most 18 inch 5 holes forged wheels use high-grade aluminum alloys like 6061, chosen for their great strength-to-weight ratio. First, the aluminum block is heated to a specific temperature to make it malleable, then placed in a forging press that uses thousands of tons of pressure to shape it into a rough wheel blank. This step is critical: it gets rid of air bubbles and lines up the metal’s grain, creating a structure far stronger than cast metal.

Next comes heat treatment. The wheel blank goes through solution heat treatment and aging, which strengthens the aluminum by forming tiny precipitates in its microstructure. This ensures the wheel can handle daily driving stresses— from hitting potholes to cornering at high speeds. After heat treatment, the blank moves to machining, where precise tools refine its size, carve out spokes, and drill the 5 bolt holes. Each hole is measured exactly to fit the vehicle's hub perfectly.

The wheel is polished, painted, or powder-coated to boost its appearance and protect it from corrosion. This not only makes 18 inch 5 holes forged wheels look great but also extends their lifespan, keeping them in top condition for years. Quality control checks happen at every stage, from material inspection to final assembly, to catch any defects and maintain high standards.

The result? A wheel that's not just good-looking but also incredibly durable and reliable. 18 inch 5 holes forged wheels earn their reputation from this strict manufacturing process, which combines advanced technology with skilled craftsmanship. For drivers who want both style and performance, these wheels are proof of how much quality manufacturing makes a difference.

Being as packaging machine manufacturer of corrugated industry for more than 20 years, Keshenglong has our own experience and innovate continuously.

On Feb. 26th, 2016, our company GUANGZHOU KESHENGLONG CARTON PACKING MACHINE CO.,LTD. applied for a press-free feeding device of printing machine patent certification.

After more than two years of experts’ approval, SIPO granted the patent to us for 20 years duration.

Since we designed this press-free feeding device, when clients using our cardboard box printing machine, would sincerely feel the convenience, high efficiency and reliability.

In the call for environmental protection, energy conservation, pollution reduction, recycling and safe production, our country's packaging and printing water-based inks have ranked the top among other packaging printing inks with its 35% usage in just a few years.

The development speed of water-based ink makes other inks hard to beat. In the past, the poor gloss of ink on paper, poor water resistance, poor adhesion, difficult overprinting, discoloration and fading, and products that are easy to warp edges and corners have been improved. This is very beneficial to promote the application of water-based inks on cartons. In addition, the ink has the characteristics of non-explosion, no transportation hazard, no pollution, no toxicity, etc., and water is used to adjust the drilling degree and clean the printing equipment, which reduces the production cost and labor intensity, and reduces the hidden safety hazards for the production, transportation and users.

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